In a precarious position, domestic employees are often forced to do exactly what they’re told – no matter what. They can be fired just for requesting a schedule change or unpaid time off, and in many countries, domestic workers rely on their employers for meals and housing. When a laborer is suddenly fired without cause or notice, they are left in a potentially dangerous situation. Another job – no matter how unsavory or unsafe – must be secured, or they could end up homeless. There is no guaranteed legal protection, and these workers are at the mercy of their employers.

Originally, the idea behind au pair programs in many European countries was to provide an authentic cultural experience for young people from other countries in exchange for help around the house. But what was once thought of as a year off for young people bouncing between education and other employment has become an exploitative system for many workers from the Philippines. Between 2002 and 2007, Danish resident permits granted to au pairs from the Philippines increased over 1000%, from only 124 in 2002 to 1510 in 2007. Some reports indicate that nearly 3,000 au pair resident permits were issued in 2008. Nearly 75% of au pairs currently working in Denmark are Filipino.

Conditions of an au pair work visa include an agreement from the host family that an au pair will live with them on “equal terms” and will be given the chance to “improve language and/or professional skills.” As the au pair is to adopt the role of a family member, he or she is entitled to their own room in the host’s home, a minimum allowance of 2,900DKK a month ($580 USD), no more than five hours of work each day, and one full day off each week.

But the integration system in Denmark makes it difficult for any newcomer – even highly educated Western immigrants – to find stable employment. While many immigrants arriving in Denmark take under-the-table work until legitimate employment becomes available, Filipino domestic workers are sought out, in part due to ethnic stereotypes about their willingness to be compliant and their comfort with English. However, because of visa restrictions limiting their stays in Denmark, many are not able to integrate into Danish life in only a year and a half. After eighteen months, they typically leave for positions elsewhere. With high concentrations of Filipino au pairs in other Nordic countries, many au pairs from Denmark relocate to Norway, where monthly wages are higher and au pair visas are less restrictive.

Some Filipino au pairs in Denmark – a group that increasingly also includes young men – have excellent experiences with their host families. Some prominent Danes, like Copenhagen’s kultur- og fritidsborgmester (Mayor of Culture and Recreation) Pia Allerslev has publicly stated that without au pair assistance, she would never be able to perform all of her public duties.

Yet despite this praise and the country’s clearly stipulated visa conditions, many au pairs are overworked and abused, forced to do household work that is not included in the official description of an “au pair.” Many are underpaid, forcing them to take additional “black” work, which can include undocumented babysitting and cleaning for reduced rates. Because au pairs can be deported if they are found taking on extra employment, some undocumented workers fear complaining about their host family’s treatment. Many have heard horror stories about employers that report their staff’s unsanctioned income to immigration authorities.

In response to charges of abuse abroad, the Philippine government issued a ban on au pair visas in 1998. While likely well-meaning, the ban has had strange, unintended effects, and it is largely ignored by European governments seeking to import cheap migrant labor. Some European governments circumvent the ban by accepting visas for Filipino workers issued in other countries like Singapore.

Filomenita Mongaya Høgsholm, the founder of Babaylan Denmark and co-founder of Babaylan Europe, believes that the Philippine ban only harms young workers trying to leave the Philippines. Workers leaving outlying Philippine provinces to work abroad are the most obvious rule-breakers and must often hire agencies to help them avoid detection. These agencies are known to exploit the workers, taking high fees for help with travel and placement. After an au pair reaches her new assignment, she may end up paying much of her monthly allowance as interest back to the agency, which arguably resembles a semi-legal form of human trafficking. While I attempted to reach au pairs directly for interview for this story, Mongaya Høgsholm explains, “Au pairs are not very forthcoming when it comes to media interviews.”

During the June election for European Parliament, several left-leaning Danish political parties – including the Social Democrats and the Socialist People’s Party – called for an end to the au pair agreement in Denmark. At the time, former Danish Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, a Social Democrat, said that the au pair program had simply become a way for affluent Danes to afford cheap labor.

Mongaya Høgsholm agrees. “I don’t think families are thinking of the cultural exchange,” she says, though she is quick to point out that some families give their domestic workers access to things like laptop computers and Skype to stay in touch with family and friends back home. Ideally, she says, au pairs would find ways to stay in Denmark by transitioning to educational pursuits or other employment.

For now, though, many are still treated as expendable labor. After their visas expire, they head home or simply move on.

Click to read additional stories on this topic:
Alberta Fills Labor Force Shortage with Temporary Foreign Workers
The Hard Truth Behind Asia's Health Care Worker Exodus



About the Author
Brittany Shoot is an American writer living in Copenhagen, Denmark. A longtime member of the Feminist Review blog editorial collective, her writing has also appeared in a variety of print and online publications including Bitch, make/shift, WireTap Magazine, and Religion Dispatches.

Brittany earned concurrent Bachelor’s degrees in Women’s Studies, Communication, and Psychology, and has a Master’s degree in Visual and Media Arts. She likes to think of herself as a recovering academic but suspects that another degree in animal ethics might be in her future. A vegan and empathic animal advocate, she hopes to eventually operate her own farm sanctuary. When she isn’t taking photos with vintage film cameras and eating avocados, Brittany can be found moonlighting as a teacher, pet sitter, and farmhand. Visit her website at www.brittanyshoot.com.